Cocoa and Objective-C Cookbook

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Argout, Xavier; Salse, Jerome; Aury, Jean-Marc; Guiltinan, Mark J.; Droc, Gaetan; Gouzy, Jerome; Allegre, Mathilde; Chaparro, Cristian; etal. (2011). "The genome of Theobroma cacao" (PDF). Nature Genetics. 43 (2): 101–108. doi: 10.1038/ng.736. PMID 21186351. S2CID 4685532.

Ling AH (1984) Cocoa nutrition and manuring on inland soils in Peninsular Malaysia. Planter 60:12–24 Roberto Ochoa (19 November 2017). "Jaén y la cultura Marañón". Lima: Domingo semanal (La República). Archived from the original on 7 May 2018 . Retrieved 8 October 2018. Head, Brandon (1903). The Food of the Gods: A Popular Account of Cocoa. London: R. B. Johnson. p.ii. Criollo Chocolate: Efficient Food of the Gods". MetaEfficient. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 17 May 2008.Crozier, Stephen J.; Preston, Amy G.; Hurst, Jeffrey W.; Payne, Mark J.; Mann, Julie; Hainly, Larry; Miller, Debra L. (7 February 2011). "Cacao seeds are a "Super Fruit": A comparative analysis of various fruit powders and products". Chemistry Central Journal. 5 (5): 5. doi: 10.1186/1752-153X-5-5. PMC 3038885. PMID 21299842. Cacao (or cocoa) beans are technically not beans or legumes, but rather the seeds of the fruit of the Theobroma cacao tree. Here we first review why fertilizers are used and how to optimize their effects, particularly farming practices and soil fertility management in full sun or shaded plantations. Secondly, we describe soil diagnosis and the foliar diagnosis, the two complementary approaches that were developed to assess the nutritional needs of cacao. The soil diagnosis provides a means to improve soil nutrient availabilities, while foliar diagnosis provides information on the cacao health. Third, we review the methods used to design fertilizer formulae and doses, and how they are calculated. Fertilizer inputs and mode of application are determined from the local conditions and farming practices. Finally, we review the effects of nutrients on the characteristics of the cocoa tree and cacao product. Finally, some current issues are discussed, such as the use of advising a single formula for a whole region or country and how to develop adoption of fertilizer by cocoa farmers. Keywords The 2010 documentary The Dark Side of Chocolate revealed that children smuggled from Mali to the Ivory Coast were forced to earn income for their parents, while others were sold as slaves for €230. Cunningham RK, Arnold PW (1962) The shade and fertilizer requirements of cacao in Ghana. J Sci Food Agric 13:213–221

Many major chocolate production companies around the world have started to prioritize buying fair trade cocoa by investing in fair trade cocoa production, improving fair trade cocoa supply chains and setting purchasing goals to increase the proportion of fair trade chocolate available in the global market. [69] [70] [71] [72] [73]

Cocoa beans may be cultivated under shade, as done in agroforestry. Agroforestry can reduce the pressure on existing protected forests for resources, such as firewood, and conserve biodiversity. [85] Integrating shade trees with cocoa plants reduces risk of soil erosion and evaporation, and protects young cocoa plants from extreme heat. [77] Agroforests act as buffers to formally protected forests and biodiversity island refuges in an open, human-dominated landscape. Research of their shade-grown coffee counterparts has shown that greater canopy cover in plots is significantly associated with greater mammal species diversity. [86] The amount of diversity in tree species is fairly comparable between shade-grown cocoa plots and primary forests. [87] Economic effects [ edit ] In 2021, several companies were named in a class action lawsuit filed by eight former children from Mali who alleged that the companies aided and abetted their enslavement on cocoa plantations in Ivory Coast. The suit accused Barry Callebaut, Cargill, The Hershey Company, Mars, Mondelez, Nestlé, and Olam International, of knowingly engaging in forced labour, and the plaintiffs sought damages for unjust enrichment, negligent supervision, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. [55] Production [ edit ] Cocoa bean production, 2020 [56] Country

Cocoa contributes significantly to Nigerian economic activity, comprising the largest part of the country's foreign exchange, and providing income for farmers. [88] Farmers can grow a variety of fruit-bearing shade trees to supplement their income to help cope with the volatile cocoa prices. [89] Although cocoa has been adapted to grow under a dense rainforest canopy, agroforestry does not significantly further enhance cocoa productivity. [90] However, while growing cocoa in full sun without incorporating shade plants can temporarily increase cocoa yields, it will eventually decrease the quality of the soil due to nutrient loss, desertification and erosion, leading to unsustainable yields and dependency on inorganic fertilizers. Agroforestry practices stabilize and improve soil quality, which can sustain cocoa production in the long term. [76]Wessel M (1971) Fertilizer requirements of cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.) in South-Western Nigeria. Koninklijk Institut voor de Tropen, Wageningen, 104 p a b Dohmen, M. M., Noponen, M., Enomoto, R., Mensah, C., & Muilerman, S. (2018). Climate-Smart Agriculture in Cocoa A Training Manual for Field Officers (pp. 1-111, Rep.). Washington DC: World Cocoa Foundation Santana MBM, Cabala-Rosand FP, De O Morais FI (1971) Effects of increasing levels of lime on some soils of cocoa growing region of Bahia. Revista Theobroma 1:17–28 a b Scheffler, Daniel (30 September 2015). "Fine chocolates now appreciated by connoisseurs as a luxury product". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 28 October 2017. Loué A, Drouineau G (1993) Les oligoéléments en agriculture, 2nd edn. Editions Nathan, Paris, 577 p

Bastide P, Jimmy I (2003) Mesures d’échanges gazeux sur de jeunes cacaoyers au champ et modélisation de l’activité photosynthétique. Paper presented at the 14th international cocoa research conference, Accra (Ghana) Combating Child Labour in Cocoa Growing" (PDF). International Labour Organization. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2005 . Retrieved 26 April 2012. Santana MBM, Cabala P (1982) Dynamics of nitrogen in a shaded cacao plantation. Plant Soil 67:271–281 Balasimha D, Rajagopal V, Daniel EV, Nair RV, Bhagavan S (1988) Comparative drought tolerance of cacao accessions. Trop Agric 65:271–274 Dillinger, Teresa L.; Barriga, Patricia; Escárcega, Sylvia; Jimenez, Martha; Lowe, Diana Salazar; Grivetti, Louis E. (1 August 2000). "Food of the Gods: Cure for Humanity? A Cultural History of the Medicinal and Ritual Use of Chocolate". The Journal of Nutrition. 130 (8): 2057S–2072S. doi: 10.1093/jn/130.8.2057S. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 10917925.a b c d " Theobroma cacao L. Sp. Pl.: 782 (1753)". World Flora Online. World flora Consortium. 2022 . Retrieved 14 December 2022. Osakabe, Naomi; Baba, Seigo; Yasuda, Akiko; Iwamoto, Tamami; Kamiyama, Masumi; Tokunaga, Takahisa; Kondo, Kazuo (2004). "Dose-Response Study of Daily Cocoa Intake on the Oxidative Susceptibility of Low-Density Lipoprotein in Healthy Human Volunteers". Journal of Health Science. 50 (6): 679–684. doi: 10.1248/jhs.50.679. ISSN 1344-9702. 12.1% fat