The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide

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a b c d Thalmann, Olaf; Perri, Angela R. (2018). "Paleogenomic Inferences of Dog Domestication". In Lindqvist, C.; Rajora, O. (eds.). Paleogenomics. Population Genomics. Springer, Cham. pp.273–306. doi: 10.1007/13836_2018_27. ISBN 978-3-030-04752-8. Savolainen, Peter; Ya-ping Zhang, Jing Luo, Joakim Lundeberg, Thomas Leitner 2002. Genetic evidence for an East Asian origin of domestic dogs. Science 298 pp1610–3.

Individual Pacific islands whose maritime settlers did not bring dogs, or where dogs died out after original settlement, notably the Mariana Islands, [95] Palau [96] and most of the Caroline Islands with exceptions such as Fais Island and Nukuoro, [97] the Marshall Islands, [98] the Gilbert Islands, [98] New Caledonia, [99] Vanuatu, [99] [100] Tonga, [100] Marquesas, [100] Mangaia in the Cook Islands, Rapa Iti in French Polynesia, Easter Island, [100] the Chatham Islands [101] and Pitcairn Island (settled by the Bounty mutineers, who killed off their dogs to escape discovery by passing ships). [102] Lea, Stephen E. G.; Osthaus, Britta (2018). "In what sense are dogs special? Canine cognition in comparative context". Learning & Behavior. 46 (4): 335–363. doi: 10.3758/s13420-018-0349-7. PMC 6276074. PMID 30251104. Ahmed Zihni (2004). "Dog Meat Dilemma". Stony Brook University – The Program in Writing and Rhetoric. Archived from the original on 11 August 2007 . Retrieved 11 May 2008. Walther, S.; Yamamoto, M.; Thigpen, A.P.; Garcia, A.; Willits, N.H.; Hart, L.A. (2017). "Assistance Dogs: Historic Patterns and Roles of Dogs Placed by ADI or IGDF Accredited Facilities and by Non-Accredited U.S. Facilities". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 4: 1. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00001. PMC 5243836. PMID 28154816.Batson, K.; McCabe, B.; Baun, M.M.; Wilson, C. (1998). "The effect of a therapy dog on socialization and psychological indicators of stress in persons diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease". In Turner, Dennis C.; Wilson, Cindy C. (eds.). Companion animals in human health. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. pp.203–215. ISBN 978-0-7619-1061-9.

Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. [154] Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. [155] Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans. [156] [157] Health benefits Walking a dog Christian, Hayley E.; Westgarth, Carri; Bauman, Adrian; Richards, Elizabeth A.; Rhodes, Ryan E.; Evenson, Kelly R.; Mayer, Joni A.; Thorpe, Roland J. (2013). "Dog Ownership and Physical Activity: A Review of the Evidence". Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 10 (5): 750–759. doi: 10.1123/jpah.10.5.750. ISSN 1543-3080. PMID 23006510. S2CID 14863668. Lord, Kathryn; Feinstein, Mark; Smith, Bradley; Coppinger, Raymond (2013). "Variation in reproductive traits of members of the genus Canis with special attention to the domestic dog ( Canis familiaris)". Behavioural Processes. 92: 131–142. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.10.009. PMID 23124015. S2CID 9748685.The dog ( Canis familiaris [4] [5] or Canis lupus familiaris [5]) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from extinct Pleistocene wolves, [6] [7] and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. [8] The dog was the first species to be domesticated [9] [8] by humans. Hunter-gatherers did this, over 15,000 years ago in Germany, [7] which was before the development of agriculture. [1] Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals [10] and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids. [11] Wilson CC (1991). "The pet as an anxiolytic intervention". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 179 (#8): 482–489. doi: 10.1097/00005053-199108000-00006. PMID 1856711. S2CID 22321266. Robbins, Nancy (14 February 2012). Domestic Cats: Their History, Breeds and Other Facts. Nancy Robbins. p.52. ISBN 978-1-4700-7538-5. Fertilization typically occurs two to five days after ovulation; 14–16 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus and after seven to eight more days, a heartbeat is detectable. [38] [39] Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H. (2008). Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. Columbia University Press, New York. pp.1–232. ISBN 978-0-231-13529-0. OCLC 502410693.

In domestic dogs, sexual maturity happens around six months to one year for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds, and is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will become estrous, mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and can be fertilized for a week after ovulation, more than one male can sire the same litter. [12] Dogs are mammals, usually kept as pets or for work on farms or police. Some dogs are trained to be rescue dogs, and join teams such as mountain rescue. They have been bred by humans from their ancestral wolves. They were the first animals to live with humans, as far as we know. [4] Indian Myth and Legend: Chapter III. Yama, the First Man, and King of the Dead". Sacred-texts.com . Retrieved 4 July 2013. Hughes, Joelene; MacDonald, David W. (2013). "A review of the interactions between free-roaming domestic dogs and wildlife". Biological Conservation. 157: 341–351. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.07.005. a b Pettid, Michael J., Korean Cuisine: An Illustrated History, London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2008, 25. ISBN 978-1-86189-348-2Ayzirek Imanaliyeva (13 August 2020). "Fighting COVID in Kyrgyzstan: Dog fat, ginger and bloodletting". Eurasianet . Retrieved 11 December 2020. Striped Hyaena Hyaena (Hyaena) hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758)". IUCN Species Survival Commission Hyaenidae Specialist Group. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 21 May 2008. Cagan, Alex; Blass, Torsten (2016). "Identification of genomic variants putatively targeted by selection during dog domestication". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 10. doi: 10.1186/s12862-015-0579-7. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4710014. PMID 26754411.

The Essentials of Canine Nutrition: Amino Acids and Other Nutrients". www.thewildest.com . Retrieved 15 June 2023.Kaminski, Juliane; Hynds, Jennifer; Morris, Paul; Waller, Bridget M. (2017). "Human attention affects facial expressions in domestic dogs". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 12914. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...712914K. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12781-x. PMC 5648750. PMID 29051517. Cardigan Welsh corgi, Pembroke Welsh corgi, Sealyham terrier, Welsh springer spaniel, Welsh terrier Kim Kavin (3 May 2016). The Dog Merchants: Inside the Big Business of Breeders, Pet Stores, and Rescuers. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-68177-170-0. The United States recognizes seven classifications, called groups (encompassing more than 150 breeds), whereas the English and Canadians have six groups (the American system divides the Working group into two groups: Working dogs and Herding dogs). Sporting dogs