Feminist Media Studies: 9 (Media Culture & Society series)

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Van Zoonen believes the media strategies of radical feminism are straightforward: women should create their own means of communication and try to free themselves completely women have to cut off all ties with men and male society. Of course these questions are not always exactly the same but we are all familiar with the kind of gender stereotypes so often reinforced by media representations. Postcolonialism is the study of the impact that being under direct rule has had on former colonies. For example, despite being a tiny island, Britain colonised and declared ownership of many countries, including India and Australia.

It is thought that media perpetuate sex role stereotypes because they reflect dominant social values and also because male media producers are influenced by these stereotypes. Arthur Asa Berger (2011) Media and Communication Research Methods: An Introduction to Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 2nd edition. London: Sage. Liesbet van Zoonen identifies four different approaches to researching media and religion, including key studies and methodological approaches associated with each – Document Four approaches to the study of media and religion Key Reading Why might it be important to think about the significance of media in relation to your particular area of research interest? De Witte, M. (2003) “Altar Media’s Living Word: Televised Christianity in Ghana,” Journal of Religion in Africa, 33(2): 172-202.

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They also standardise and format their cultural products (e.g. through the use of stars, genres, and serials) Horsfield, P., Hess, M.E. and Medrano, A.M. (eds) (2004) Belief in Media: Cultural Perspectives on Media and Christianity, Aldershot: Ashgate. Stereotyping, as a form of representation, reduces people to a few simple characteristics or traits. However, stereotyping is useful, as it allows producers to easily construct media products, and audiences to easily decode them. Breathing into the Heart of the Matter: Why Padre Marcelo Needs No Wings,” Postscripts, 1(2/3): 325-49. It is essentially a reformist approach , which tends to see more equal gender relations being brought about by equal opportunities policies and affirmative action programs . It does not appear to question the power dimensions in society that maintain male superiority of status and female inferiority

Religion, media and cultures of everyday life,” in J. Hinnells (ed.) The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion, 2nd edition, London: Routledge, pp.543-57. Rothenbuhler, E. (1998) Ritual Communication: From Everyday Conversation to Mediated Ceremony, London: Sage. Gender is constructed through codes and conventions of media products, and the idea of what is male and what is female changes over time

Fans appropriate texts and read them in ways that are not fully intended by the media producers (‘textual poaching’). Examples of this may manifest in conventions, fan fiction and so on Clearly written, critical introduction to the study of gender and media, drawing primarily on Anglo-American research. Offers a broad history of feminist media approaches and research to date, highlighting some of the most pressing debates over the past few decades (e.g., images of women, media employment, media and body image, sexualization and pornography, masculinity and men’s magazines, talk shows, news, and advertising). Impossible Representations: Pentecostalism, Vision, and Video Technology in Ghana,” in B. Meyer and A. Moors (eds) Religion, Media and the Public Sphere, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, pp. 290-312. Regulation' refers to the rules and restrictions that every media industry has to follow. For example the UK film industry must use the BBFC's age certifications, and television must adhere to OFCOM's regulations